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''Mirari vos'' (On Liberalism and Religious Indifferentism), sometimes referred to as ''Mirari vos arbitramur'', is the first encyclical of Pope Gregory XVI and was issued in 1832. Addressed "To All Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, and Bishops of the Catholic World", it is general in scope. ==Background== Felicité Robert de Lamennais, Charles Forbes René de Montalembert and Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire started a newspaper, L'Avenir (“The Future”). While the paper was a strong proponent of Ultramontanism, supporting the authority of the papacy in opposition to nationalist and secularist ideas, it also advocated an enlarged suffrage, separation of church and state, and universal freedom of conscience, instruction, assembly, and the press. They saw no conflict between Catholicism and liberal reform. The conservative French hierarchy regarded these views as dangerous nonsense. In November 1831 Lammennais and Montalembert traveled to Rome seeking confirmation from Pope Gregory that views expressed in their newspaper were orthodox. Although pressured by the French government and the French hierarchy, Pope Gregory XVI would have preferred not to make an official issue of the matter.〔(Bernard, Cook. "Lamennais, Hugues-Felicité Robert de (1782-1854)", ''Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions'', (James Chastain, ed.), Ohio University, 2005 )〕 After much opposition, they gained an audience on March 15, 1832 but only on condition that their political views should not be mentioned. The meeting was apparently cordial and uneventful. Metternich, whose Austrian troops ensured the stability of the Papal States, pressed for a condemnation.〔(Chadwick, Owen. "Gregory XVI", ''A History of the Popes, 1830-1914'', Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 9780199262861 )〕 The Pope's advisors were convinced that if he said nothing, it would viewed that he did not disapprove of Lamennais's opinions. ''Mirari vos'' was issued the following August, criticizing Lamennais's views, while not mentioning him by name.〔 ==Content== It voiced support for Christian freedom, upheld the ecclesiastical supremacy of the papacy and raised concerns over too close alliances between the clergy and government. It denounced those who advocated a married clergy. "We ask that you strive with all your might to justify and to defend the law of clerical celibacy as prescribed by the sacred canons, against which the arrows of the lascivious are directed from every side."〔(Gregory XVI, ''Mirari vos'', §11, Rome, August 15, 1832 )〕 It also denounced those who advocated divorce, and secret societies that sought overturn the legitimate governments of the Italian states 〔 He attacked religious Indifferentism, which Gregory defined as the opinion that that one religion is as good as another, and which he saw as the basis for the argument for liberty of conscience. Gregory saw it as the State's duty to restrain the promotion of false truth which leads to immorality and so denounced freedom to publish or distribute any writings indiscriminately. Owen Chadwick explains Gregory's perspective: "To provide legally that writers or speakers shall be free to promote what is not true or to utter words that declare that racial prejudice, or paederasty, or pornography, or adultery, or murder not to be sins, cannot be what God demands of any State. Gregory stated, "Some are so carried away that they contentiously assert that the flock of errors arising from them is sufficiently compensated by the publication of some book which defends religion and truth. Every law condemns deliberately doing evil simply because there is some hope that good may result. Is there any sane man who would say poison ought to be distributed, sold publicly, stored, and even drunk because some antidote is available and those who use it may be snatched from death again and again? The encyclical satisfied neither Lamennais's supporters nor detractors.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mirari vos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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